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Geummaek Research

Research Papers

A curated collection of academic research relevant to the clinical practice at Geummaek Korean Medicine Clinic.

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Research Papers
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Total 35 papers

All Wellness / Restoration Gongjindan (拱辰丹) Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏) Gwanjeoldan (關節丹) Hyangseongpajeokhwan (響聲破笛丸) Mental Health Skin Conditions Digestive Disorders Respiratory Conditions ENT Disorders Neurological Disorders Pediatric / Adolescent Care Women's Health / Infertility Men's Health / Urology Geum! Maek! Capsule Diet Geum! Maek! Beauty Clinic Private Inpatient Room Traffic Accident Aftercare Pediatric Traffic Accident Workers' Compensation Lower Back Pain Neck Pain Shoulder Pain Elbow Pain Wrist / Hand Pain Hip Pain Knee Pain Ankle / Foot Pain TMJ Disorder
Cohort Study Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Study on Gut-Joint Axis Modulation Effect of Herbal Medicine Treatment for Arthritis

Kang WC, Lee DH, Chung YJ, et al.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2024)

Gut Microbiota Major Mechanism
48 subjects Participants
r=0.68 Correlation

Herbal medicine treatment may improve arthritis symptoms through gut-joint axis modulation.

View Source 2024
Cohort Study Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Study on Gut-Joint Axis Modulation Effect of Herbal Medicine Treatment for Arthritis

Kang WC, Lee DH, Chung YJ, et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2024)
Gut Microbiota Major Mechanism
48 subjects Participants
r=0.68 Correlation

Summary

Forty-eight rheumatoid arthritis patients received herbal medicine treatment for 12 weeks, with gut microbiota changes and joint symptoms tracked. Gut microbiota diversity increased after treatment, showing significant correlation with joint inflammation reduction.

Key Conclusion

Herbal medicine treatment may improve arthritis symptoms through gut-joint axis modulation.

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Systematic Review Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Effect of Combined Moxibustion and Herbal Medicine for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review

Seo JC, Park SU, Cho CS, et al.

Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2019)

OR 2.15 Effect Size
876 subjects Total Participants
11 papers Analyzed Papers

Combined moxibustion and herbal medicine demonstrates synergistic therapeutic effects in knee osteoarthritis.

View Source 2019
Systematic Review Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Effect of Combined Moxibustion and Herbal Medicine for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review

Seo JC, Park SU, Cho CS, et al. Complementary Therapies in Medicine (2019)
OR 2.15 Effect Size
876 subjects Total Participants
11 papers Analyzed Papers

Summary

Eleven RCTs (876 subjects total) were analyzed to evaluate combined moxibustion and herbal medicine effects for knee osteoarthritis. The combination group showed superior pain and functional improvement compared to herbal medicine or moxibustion monotherapy.

Key Conclusion

Combined moxibustion and herbal medicine demonstrates synergistic therapeutic effects in knee osteoarthritis.

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Before-After Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Effect of Gwanjeoldan on Bone Density Maintenance and Osteoporotic Joint Pain Alleviation: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Yoo JE, Kim DH, Choi JB, et al.

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2023)

Bone Density Maintenance DXA Findings
55 subjects Participants
24 weeks Treatment Period

Gwanjeoldan is effective in bone density maintenance and pain alleviation in patients with osteoporotic joint pain.

View Source 2023
Before-After Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Effect of Gwanjeoldan on Bone Density Maintenance and Osteoporotic Joint Pain Alleviation: A Pre-Post Comparison Study

Yoo JE, Kim DH, Choi JB, et al. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2023)
Bone Density Maintenance DXA Findings
55 subjects Participants
24 weeks Treatment Period

Summary

Fifty-five patients with joint pain accompanied by osteoporosis received Gwanjeoldan for 24 weeks, with bone density, joint pain VAS, and FRAX scores evaluated. After treatment, bone density was maintained, with significant reductions in joint pain and fracture risk.

Key Conclusion

Gwanjeoldan is effective in bone density maintenance and pain alleviation in patients with osteoporotic joint pain.

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Narrative Review Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO) Analysis of Korean Medicine Treatment for Joint Diseases: A Narrative Review

Bae JH, Hong SU, Kim EH, et al.

Phytomedicine (2025)

68 papers Analyzed Papers
WOMAC Most-Used Tool
8 types PRO Tool Types

Standardization and diversification of PRO measurement tools are needed in Korean medicine research on joint diseases.

View Source 2025
Narrative Review Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Patient-Reported Outcome (PRO) Analysis of Korean Medicine Treatment for Joint Diseases: A Narrative Review

Bae JH, Hong SU, Kim EH, et al. Phytomedicine (2025)
68 papers Analyzed Papers
WOMAC Most-Used Tool
8 types PRO Tool Types

Summary

Patient-reported outcome measurement tools (WOMAC, VAS, SF-36, KOOS, etc.) used in Korean medicine treatment for joint diseases were analyzed to summarize research trends. Analysis of 68 papers showed WOMAC was most frequently used, with the need for PRO tool standardization raised.

Key Conclusion

Standardization and diversification of PRO measurement tools are needed in Korean medicine research on joint diseases.

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Case Study Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Animal Experiments and Preliminary Clinical Studies on Joint Cartilage Regeneration Promotion Effect of Gwanjeoldan

Cho MH, Shin AS, Lee YK, et al.

Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2022)

Cartilage Preservation Animal Study Result
20 subjects Clinical Participants
75% Symptom Improvement Rate

Gwanjeoldan demonstrated potential for cartilage regeneration promotion at animal and preliminary clinical levels.

View Source 2022
Case Study Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Animal Experiments and Preliminary Clinical Studies on Joint Cartilage Regeneration Promotion Effect of Gwanjeoldan

Cho MH, Shin AS, Lee YK, et al. Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2022)
Cartilage Preservation Animal Study Result
20 subjects Clinical Participants
75% Symptom Improvement Rate

Summary

After confirming cartilage regeneration effects of Gwanjeoldan extract in a rabbit osteoarthritis model, a preliminary clinical trial was conducted in 20 patients with osteoarthritis. Cartilage thickness preservation was confirmed in the animal model, and symptom improvement was also observed in patients.

Key Conclusion

Gwanjeoldan demonstrated potential for cartilage regeneration promotion at animal and preliminary clinical levels.

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RCT Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Randomized Controlled Trial of Combined Herbal Medicine and Glucosamine Administration for Osteoarthritis

Oh JM, Baek SH, Kwon OS, et al.

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2023)

79.2% Combination Group Improvement
96 subjects Participants
12 weeks Treatment Period

Combined herbal medicine and glucosamine administration demonstrates superior arthritis treatment efficacy over glucosamine monotherapy.

View Source 2023
RCT Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Randomized Controlled Trial of Combined Herbal Medicine and Glucosamine Administration for Osteoarthritis

Oh JM, Baek SH, Kwon OS, et al. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2023)
79.2% Combination Group Improvement
96 subjects Participants
12 weeks Treatment Period

Summary

Ninety-six osteoarthritis patients were divided into herbal medicine plus glucosamine (48) and glucosamine monotherapy (48) groups for 12 weeks of treatment. The combination group showed significantly greater improvements in WOMAC, pain VAS, and 6-minute walking distance.

Key Conclusion

Combined herbal medicine and glucosamine administration demonstrates superior arthritis treatment efficacy over glucosamine monotherapy.

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Cohort Study Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Safety Profile of Herbal Medicine Treatment for Arthritis: A Large-Scale Retrospective Cohort Study

Hwang JH, Yim MH, Go HY, et al.

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2021)

4.1% Adverse Event Rate
3280 subjects Analyzed
0.1% Serious Adverse Event Rate

Herbal medicine treatment for arthritis demonstrates high safety in a large patient population and remains safe for long-term use.

View Source 2021
Cohort Study Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Safety Profile of Herbal Medicine Treatment for Arthritis: A Large-Scale Retrospective Cohort Study

Hwang JH, Yim MH, Go HY, et al. BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2021)
4.1% Adverse Event Rate
3280 subjects Analyzed
0.1% Serious Adverse Event Rate

Summary

A retrospective analysis of medical records from 3,280 patients receiving herbal medicine treatment for arthritis investigated the incidence and types of adverse events. The overall adverse event rate was 4.1%, with most cases being mild gastrointestinal symptoms, while hepatic and renal toxicity occurred in only 0.1%.

Key Conclusion

Herbal medicine treatment for arthritis demonstrates high safety in a large patient population and remains safe for long-term use.

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RCT Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Effect of Modified Samgieum on Pain and Functional Improvement in Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Choi JH, Lee HJ, Kim KW, et al.

Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation (2023)

52% WOMAC Pain Reduction
18° ROM Increase
12 weeks Treatment Period

Modified Samgieum demonstrates superior efficacy over glucosamine in pain reduction and joint function recovery in osteoarthritis, with simultaneous approach of wind-cold-damp removal and Liver-Kidney tonification being key.

View Source 2023
RCT Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Effect of Modified Samgieum on Pain and Functional Improvement in Osteoarthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Choi JH, Lee HJ, Kim KW, et al. Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation (2023)
52% WOMAC Pain Reduction
18° ROM Increase
12 weeks Treatment Period

Summary

A randomized controlled trial compared modified Samgieum and glucosamine groups over 12 weeks in 76 patients with knee osteoarthritis. The Samgieum group demonstrated 52% reduction in WOMAC pain index, significantly higher than the glucosamine group (34%). Joint range of motion increased by an average of 18 degrees, with significant improvement also confirmed in stair-climbing tests.

Key Conclusion

Modified Samgieum demonstrates superior efficacy over glucosamine in pain reduction and joint function recovery in osteoarthritis, with simultaneous approach of wind-cold-damp removal and Liver-Kidney tonification being key.

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Meta-Analysis Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Wind-Damp-Dispelling Herbal Medicine for Arthritis

Zhang Y, Liu W, Chen H, et al.

Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2022)

41% Additional Pain Reduction
24% Recurrence Reduction
19 studies Analyzed Studies

Wind-damp-dispelling herbal medicine simultaneously improves arthritis pain and inflammation and is effective for long-term recurrence prevention.

View Source 2022
Meta-Analysis Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Wind-Damp-Dispelling Herbal Medicine for Arthritis

Zhang Y, Liu W, Chen H, et al. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2022)
41% Additional Pain Reduction
24% Recurrence Reduction
19 studies Analyzed Studies

Summary

Nineteen randomized controlled trials (1,568 subjects total) evaluating wind-damp-dispelling herbal medicine effects for wind-cold-damp Bi syndrome arthritis were meta-analyzed. The herbal medicine group demonstrated additional 41% reduction in VAS pain scores compared to controls on average, with significant improvement in inflammatory markers including ESR and CRP. At 6-month follow-up, recurrence rates were 24% lower.

Key Conclusion

Wind-damp-dispelling herbal medicine simultaneously improves arthritis pain and inflammation and is effective for long-term recurrence prevention.

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Cohort Study Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Inflammatory Marker and Joint Function Improvement Effect of Herbal Pills for Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Cohort Study

Lee SY, Park JH, Won SJ, et al.

Rheumatology International (2023)

28% Additional Disease Activity Improvement
67% Morning Stiffness Reduction
98 subjects Participants

Combined herbal pill treatment additionally lowers disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis and is particularly effective for morning stiffness and joint swelling improvement.

View Source 2023
Cohort Study Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Inflammatory Marker and Joint Function Improvement Effect of Herbal Pills for Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients: A Cohort Study

Lee SY, Park JH, Won SJ, et al. Rheumatology International (2023)
28% Additional Disease Activity Improvement
67% Morning Stiffness Reduction
98 subjects Participants

Summary

A prospective cohort study compared 24-week progress between conventional medication plus herbal pill and conventional medication monotherapy groups in 98 rheumatoid arthritis patients. The combination group demonstrated additional 28% improvement in DAS28 (Disease Activity Score), with morning stiffness duration shortening from 42 to 14 minutes on average. Joint swelling indices also significantly decreased.

Key Conclusion

Combined herbal pill treatment additionally lowers disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis and is particularly effective for morning stiffness and joint swelling improvement.

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RCT Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Effect of Combined Herbal Treatment on Pain and Function Improvement in Degenerative Arthritis Patients

Jung YS, Kim HJ, Lee JW et al.

Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (2023)

23% Additional Pain Reduction
+18 points WOMAC Improvement
37% Analgesic Use Reduction

The combined herbal medicine group showed an additional 23% reduction in VAS pain scores compared to standard care, with significant improvement in WOMAC function scores (p<0.05).

2023
RCT Gwanjeoldan (關節丹)

Effect of Combined Herbal Treatment on Pain and Function Improvement in Degenerative Arthritis Patients

Jung YS, Kim HJ, Lee JW et al. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine (2023)
23% Additional Pain Reduction
+18 points WOMAC Improvement
37% Analgesic Use Reduction

Summary

Comparison of 12-week treatment effects between standard care alone and combined herbal medicine groups in 96 patients with degenerative arthritis.

Key Conclusion

The combined herbal medicine group showed an additional 23% reduction in VAS pain scores compared to standard care, with significant improvement in WOMAC function scores (p<0.05).