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Geummaek Research

Research Papers

A curated collection of academic research relevant to the clinical practice at Geummaek Korean Medicine Clinic.

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Research Papers
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Total 46 papers

All Wellness / Restoration Gongjindan (拱辰丹) Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏) Gwanjeoldan (關節丹) Hyangseongpajeokhwan (響聲破笛丸) Mental Health Skin Conditions Digestive Disorders Respiratory Conditions ENT Disorders Neurological Disorders Pediatric / Adolescent Care Women's Health / Infertility Men's Health / Urology Geum! Maek! Capsule Diet Geum! Maek! Beauty Clinic Private Inpatient Room Traffic Accident Aftercare Pediatric Traffic Accident Workers' Compensation Lower Back Pain Neck Pain Shoulder Pain Elbow Pain Wrist / Hand Pain Hip Pain Knee Pain Ankle / Foot Pain TMJ Disorder
Cross-Sectional Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Pharmacokinetic Properties and Bioavailability Enhancement of Honey-Based Herbal Formulations: Focus on Gyeongokgo

Chung SY, Kang BK, Watanabe M, et al.

Phytomedicine (2023)

Cmax 47% increase Peak Plasma Concentration Enhancement
AUC 1.8-fold Bioavailability Increase

Honey serves not only as an excipient in Gyeongokgo but also functionally enhances the bioavailability of major active components.

View Source 2023
Cross-Sectional Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Pharmacokinetic Properties and Bioavailability Enhancement of Honey-Based Herbal Formulations: Focus on Gyeongokgo

Chung SY, Kang BK, Watanabe M, et al. Phytomedicine (2023)
Cmax 47% increase Peak Plasma Concentration Enhancement
AUC 1.8-fold Bioavailability Increase

Summary

The pharmacokinetic role of honey in Gyeongokgo formulation was analyzed. Intestinal absorption rates of ginseng saponins and Rehmannia iridoid glycosides were significantly increased when combined with honey.

Key Conclusion

Honey serves not only as an excipient in Gyeongokgo but also functionally enhances the bioavailability of major active components.

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Before-After Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Animal Study on the Protective Effect of Gyeongokgo Against Particulate Matter-Induced Lung Injury

Shin NR, Ko JW, Park JH, et al.

Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology (2024)

Lung inflammation 52% reduction Anti-Inflammatory Effect
SOD activity 38% increase Antioxidant Effect

Gyeongokgo exerts protective effects against particulate matter-induced lung injury through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms.

View Source 2024
Before-After Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Animal Study on the Protective Effect of Gyeongokgo Against Particulate Matter-Induced Lung Injury

Shin NR, Ko JW, Park JH, et al. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology (2024)
Lung inflammation 52% reduction Anti-Inflammatory Effect
SOD activity 38% increase Antioxidant Effect

Summary

The effect of Gyeongokgo administration on lung tissue inflammation and oxidative stress was investigated in a PM2.5-exposed mouse model. Reduced inflammatory cell infiltration and increased antioxidant enzyme activity in lung tissue were confirmed.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo exerts protective effects against particulate matter-induced lung injury through anti-inflammatory and antioxidant mechanisms.

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Before-After Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Effects of Gyeongokgo on Gut Microbiota Diversity and Immune Homeostasis

Go HY, Lee JA, Park S, et al.

Gut Microbes (2025)

40 subjects Participants
Beneficial bacteria 34% increase Microbial Diversity
sIgA 27% increase Gut Immunity Improvement

Gyeongokgo may contribute to immune homeostasis maintenance through increased gut microbial diversity.

View Source 2025
Before-After Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Effects of Gyeongokgo on Gut Microbiota Diversity and Immune Homeostasis

Go HY, Lee JA, Park S, et al. Gut Microbes (2025)
40 subjects Participants
Beneficial bacteria 34% increase Microbial Diversity
sIgA 27% increase Gut Immunity Improvement

Summary

Forty healthy adults received Gyeongokgo for 12 weeks, and gut microbiota composition changes were analyzed by 16S rRNA sequencing. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium proportions increased and intestinal immunity-related secretory IgA elevated.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo may contribute to immune homeostasis maintenance through increased gut microbial diversity.

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RCT Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Preventive Effect of Gyeongokgo on Recurrent Respiratory Infections in Children: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

Kim KS, Hong SH, Yoo JH, et al.

Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2023)

180 subjects Participants
Infection episodes 45% reduction Preventive Effect
Antibiotic use 32% reduction Antibiotic Reduction

Gyeongokgo can be utilized as a safe and effective complementary treatment for the prevention of recurrent respiratory infections in children.

View Source 2023
RCT Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Preventive Effect of Gyeongokgo on Recurrent Respiratory Infections in Children: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial

Kim KS, Hong SH, Yoo JH, et al. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology (2023)
180 subjects Participants
Infection episodes 45% reduction Preventive Effect
Antibiotic use 32% reduction Antibiotic Reduction

Summary

One hundred eighty children with recurrent respiratory infections were divided into a Gyeongokgo group and a control group and observed for 6 months. The Gyeongokgo group showed a significant reduction in respiratory infection episodes and decreased antibiotic use days.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo can be utilized as a safe and effective complementary treatment for the prevention of recurrent respiratory infections in children.

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Narrative Review Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Literature Review on the Tonic Effect of Gyeongokgo and Modern Pharmacological Interpretation

Jang MK, Yoo HR, Oh SJ, et al.

Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine (2022)

23 sources Classical Literature
38 studies Modern Research
6 pharmacological activities Validated Effects

The traditional tonic efficacy of Gyeongokgo is largely supported by modern scientific evidence.

View Source 2022
Narrative Review Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Literature Review on the Tonic Effect of Gyeongokgo and Modern Pharmacological Interpretation

Jang MK, Yoo HR, Oh SJ, et al. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine (2022)
23 sources Classical Literature
38 studies Modern Research
6 pharmacological activities Validated Effects

Summary

Records related to the tonic effect of Gyeongokgo were collected from classical Korean medicine texts including Donguibogam and contrasted with modern pharmacological research. The traditional yin-tonifying and qi-supplementing efficacy was confirmed to be supported by modern immunological and anti-fatigue research.

Key Conclusion

The traditional tonic efficacy of Gyeongokgo is largely supported by modern scientific evidence.

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Systematic Review Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Effect of Adjunctive Gyeongokgo Therapy in Mitigating Chemotherapy Side Effects in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review

Choi SM, Lyu YS, Kim AR, et al.

Integrative Cancer Therapies (2024)

15 studies Included Studies
1,089 subjects Total Participants
Fatigue 38% reduction Major Effect

Adjunctive Gyeongokgo therapy may contribute to alleviating chemotherapy side effects and improving the overall condition of patients.

View Source 2024
Systematic Review Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Effect of Adjunctive Gyeongokgo Therapy in Mitigating Chemotherapy Side Effects in Cancer Patients: A Systematic Review

Choi SM, Lyu YS, Kim AR, et al. Integrative Cancer Therapies (2024)
15 studies Included Studies
1,089 subjects Total Participants
Fatigue 38% reduction Major Effect

Summary

A systematic analysis of 15 studies investigating the side-effect mitigation effect of Gyeongokgo in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. Reduction of side effects such as nausea, vomiting, fatigue, and anorexia, along with stabilization of blood cell counts, was reported.

Key Conclusion

Adjunctive Gyeongokgo therapy may contribute to alleviating chemotherapy side effects and improving the overall condition of patients.

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RCT Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Sarcopenia Prevention Effect of the Korean Traditional Tonic Formula Gyeongokgo in the Elderly

Lee YK, Park DI, Min IK, et al.

Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle (2025)

110 subjects Participants
Skeletal muscle index 5.8% increase Muscle Mass Improvement
16 weeks Administration Period

Gyeongokgo holds potential efficacy in preventing sarcopenia and maintaining physical function in the elderly.

View Source 2025
RCT Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Sarcopenia Prevention Effect of the Korean Traditional Tonic Formula Gyeongokgo in the Elderly

Lee YK, Park DI, Min IK, et al. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle (2025)
110 subjects Participants
Skeletal muscle index 5.8% increase Muscle Mass Improvement
16 weeks Administration Period

Summary

One hundred ten adults aged 65 or older at risk of sarcopenia received Gyeongokgo for 16 weeks, and muscle mass, grip strength, and gait speed were measured. The Gyeongokgo group showed significant increases in skeletal muscle index and grip strength.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo holds potential efficacy in preventing sarcopenia and maintaining physical function in the elderly.

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RCT Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Effect of Gyeongokgo on Mucus Secretion Regulation and Cough Symptoms in Chronic Bronchitis Patients

Noh JH, Kwon OS, Yamamoto S, et al.

Respiratory Medicine (2023)

75 subjects Participants
Sputum volume 41% reduction Mucus Regulation
Cough 52% reduction Symptom Relief

Gyeongokgo is effective as an adjunctive treatment for chronic bronchitis, regulating mucus hypersecretion and alleviating cough symptoms.

View Source 2023
RCT Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Effect of Gyeongokgo on Mucus Secretion Regulation and Cough Symptoms in Chronic Bronchitis Patients

Noh JH, Kwon OS, Yamamoto S, et al. Respiratory Medicine (2023)
75 subjects Participants
Sputum volume 41% reduction Mucus Regulation
Cough 52% reduction Symptom Relief

Summary

Seventy-five patients with chronic bronchitis received Gyeongokgo as an adjunct to existing treatment for 12 weeks. Sputum volume significantly decreased, and cough frequency and severity improved.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo is effective as an adjunctive treatment for chronic bronchitis, regulating mucus hypersecretion and alleviating cough symptoms.

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Narrative Review Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Review of Immune-Enhancing Effects of Poria Polysaccharides and Their Role in Gyeongokgo

Sung YY, Kim SH, Yuk HJ, et al.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (2022)

DC maturation 63% promotion Dendritic Cell Activation
IFN-γ 2.4-fold increase Th1 Response Enhancement

Poria polysaccharides contribute critically to the immune-enhancing effects of Gyeongokgo, acting on both innate and adaptive immunity.

View Source 2022
Narrative Review Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Review of Immune-Enhancing Effects of Poria Polysaccharides and Their Role in Gyeongokgo

Sung YY, Kim SH, Yuk HJ, et al. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules (2022)
DC maturation 63% promotion Dendritic Cell Activation
IFN-γ 2.4-fold increase Th1 Response Enhancement

Summary

The immune-enhancing activity of beta-glucan and polysaccharide fractions isolated from Poria was evaluated, and their contribution to the overall Gyeongokgo formulation was analyzed. Poria polysaccharides promoted dendritic cell maturation and enhanced Th1 immune responses.

Key Conclusion

Poria polysaccharides contribute critically to the immune-enhancing effects of Gyeongokgo, acting on both innate and adaptive immunity.

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Before-After Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Effect of Gyeongokgo on Fatigue and Dyspnea in Long COVID: A Pilot Study

Shin WC, Lee BH, Jeong HY, et al.

Frontiers in Pharmacology (2024)

45 subjects Participants
FSS 35% reduction Fatigue Improvement
mMRC 1.2 points reduction Dyspnea Improvement

Gyeongokgo may serve as a promising complementary treatment option for alleviating fatigue and dyspnea symptoms in Long COVID patients.

View Source 2024
Before-After Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Effect of Gyeongokgo on Fatigue and Dyspnea in Long COVID: A Pilot Study

Shin WC, Lee BH, Jeong HY, et al. Frontiers in Pharmacology (2024)
45 subjects Participants
FSS 35% reduction Fatigue Improvement
mMRC 1.2 points reduction Dyspnea Improvement

Summary

Forty-five patients diagnosed with Long COVID received Gyeongokgo for 8 weeks, with assessments using fatigue (FSS), dyspnea (mMRC), and pulmonary function tests. Fatigue and dyspnea scores significantly decreased, and DLCO improved.

Key Conclusion

Gyeongokgo may serve as a promising complementary treatment option for alleviating fatigue and dyspnea symptoms in Long COVID patients.

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Cross-Sectional Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Development of Multi-Component Simultaneous Analytical Method for Quality Control of Gyeongokgo and Standardization Research

Jeon WJ, Seo CS, Ha H, et al.

Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (2023)

12 components Marker Components Analyzed
10 manufacturers Compared Products
R²>0.999 Method Accuracy

The developed multi-component simultaneous analytical method is useful for quality standardization and product consistency assurance of Gyeongokgo.

View Source 2023
Cross-Sectional Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Development of Multi-Component Simultaneous Analytical Method for Quality Control of Gyeongokgo and Standardization Research

Jeon WJ, Seo CS, Ha H, et al. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis (2023)
12 components Marker Components Analyzed
10 manufacturers Compared Products
R²>0.999 Method Accuracy

Summary

An HPLC-DAD-MS/MS method was developed to simultaneously quantify 12 major marker components of Gyeongokgo. Comparative analysis of component contents in Gyeongokgo products from 10 manufacturers was performed.

Key Conclusion

The developed multi-component simultaneous analytical method is useful for quality standardization and product consistency assurance of Gyeongokgo.

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Before-After Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Analysis of the Contribution of Ginsenosides from Ginseng to the Tonic Effect of Gyeongokgo

Kim JH, Cho KH, Wang JH, et al.

Journal of Ginseng Research (2024)

40% Ginseng Contribution
Swimming time 58% increase Anti-Fatigue Effect
Synergy index 1.67 Herbal Interaction

Ginsenosides contribute approximately 40% of the anti-fatigue effect of Gyeongokgo, with synergy among other herbs being key.

View Source 2024
Before-After Gyeongokgo (瓊玉膏)

Analysis of the Contribution of Ginsenosides from Ginseng to the Tonic Effect of Gyeongokgo

Kim JH, Cho KH, Wang JH, et al. Journal of Ginseng Research (2024)
40% Ginseng Contribution
Swimming time 58% increase Anti-Fatigue Effect
Synergy index 1.67 Herbal Interaction

Summary

An animal experiment compared modified formulations excluding only ginseng components with the original Gyeongokgo formulation. The contribution of ginseng was quantified through forced swimming tests and analysis of blood energy metabolism markers.

Key Conclusion

Ginsenosides contribute approximately 40% of the anti-fatigue effect of Gyeongokgo, with synergy among other herbs being key.

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